Q. What is stuttering?

A. Stuttering is a disturbance in the normal flow of speech characterized by involuntary repetition, prolongation or blocking of a sound, syllable or word, often accompanied by avoidance or struggle reactions.

Q. What causes it?

A. The exact cause of stuttering is not yet known, although there are many different theories. At present, most believe there is a neurologically-based developmental weakness in speech and language coordination in children who stutter, which may also be genetically linked.

This may take care of itself with maturation. However, some children try to overcome the interruptions this causes in their speech - for example they may blink their eyes, push too hard against a blocked sound, or tense their vocal mechanism. These strategies may work temporarily, but then become a bigger problem than the underlying one. As time goes on, a person who stutters often develops very negative reactions to speaking.

Q. How do you recognize it; what are the symptoms?

A. In the early stages, stuttering is often hard to differentiate from what is referred to as a "normal disfluency." Many children, when they are practicing putting sounds and words together to express their thoughts and feelings, will "get stuck" as they are trying to formulate their thoughts.

Although the following will occur in normal disfluencies, too, some of the things considered to be red flags are:

• when you hear prolonging of sounds ("Staaaaaahp it" or "aaaaaaaaI waaaaaaant it,") especially if you hear a pitch rise during the prolongation

• when the repetitions change from "ca-ca-ca-can I" to "cuh-cuh-cuh-can I"

• when blocking on words occurs

• when the repetitions become more uneven - "III-II-II-I want one"

A. Usually between the ages of 2-4, although it can begin in older children and even occasionally in adults.

Q. Can it be "cured"?

A. If stuttering persists into adulthood, many feel a "cure" is not a reasonable expectation, although many people who stutter are very effective communicators and have learned ways to modify their stuttering behaviors effectively. Some are in very public speaking careers, like James Earl Jones, John Stossel and Bill Walton. Others hold public office, teach, are physicians and lawyers, work in supervisory roles, etc.

When stuttering in children is detected early, very often consultation with parents and, at times, direct treatment with the child, will help the stuttering disappear permanently.

Q. What if parents are concerned about unusual speech patterns in their children?

A. That means its time to seek out answers to their questions. Sometimes well-meaning people try to reassure parents that their child is just passing through a stage. That is not always so. About one in every five preschoolers who goes through a phase of disfluency develops a chronic stuttering problem. Since most young children respond very well to relatively simple treatment, it makes sense to consult a specialist if you are concerned at all.

Q. What can parents do to help?

A. A few helpful suggestions:

• Listen attentively and patiently to the message, not so much to how it is being said.

• Reduce verbal competition -help the family allow the child to finish speaking without being interrupted, or having the words filled in by someone else.

• Speak at a relaxed, slower rate and wait a second or two before answering your child. This will help slow down the pace. Some people refer to this speaking pattern as Mr. Rogers' Speech.

• Speaking of Mr. Rogers, his whole attitude with children is a good one to try to follow. He makes each child feel that they are liked just the way they are and that they are someone special.

A. There are many suggestions a specialist will recommend, including:

• Stuttering is not the parents fault, so there is no reason to overreact or feel guilty.

• Frequent criticism and correction of the child's speech will only make matters worse.

• So will trying to pretend that there is nothing going on. That is especially true if the child seems aware of his or her stuttering.

• Performing speeches or reading to show off for adults can stress a child's speech system. A child should not have to perform unless he or she wants to.

• Encourage a calm household where people respect each otherŐs differences and take the time to really listen to each other.

A. There are various schools of thought for stuttering therapy. Many different approaches will be effective for various people. With children, it is felt that early intervention is important to help them and their parents, and hopefully preventing the stuttering from progressing.

Resources:

Internet's Stuttering Home Page, maintained by Kuster at Mankato State University http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/stutter.html Look under Information about Stuttering/ Information for Parents.

The Stuttering Foundation of America has many inexpensive materials available, including Stuttering and Your Child: Questions and Answers and If Your Child Stutters: A Guide for Parents designed especially for parents. P.O. Box 11749 Memphis, TN 38111-0749 800-992-9392 http://www.stuttersfa.org

The National Stuttering Project
5100 E. Lapalma, Suite 208
Anaheim Hills, CA 92807
800-364-1677 NSPmail@aol.com
http://www.nspstutter.org

American Speech-Language- Hearing Association
10801 Rockville Pike
Rockville, MD 20852
800-638-8255
http://www.asha.org

Your local school district speech-language pathologist may provide you with additional suggestions and referrals in your area.