The Process of Aging

“All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms;
Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like a snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like a furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress’ eyebrow. Then the soldier,
Full of strange oaths and bearded like a pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon’s mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin’d,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper’d pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose, well sav’d, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing."

-William Shakespeare, from As You Like It

     

In the above monologue, Shakespeare defines a way of breaking the process of aging into stages, or “roles”. Stages of ages differ from society to society. However, all societies mark birth, puberty, and death with some rite of passage, or ritual. Some societies have more intricate systems. People who live in Hong Kong, for instance, often associate a person’s age stage based on marital status, parental status, the household composition and the person’s contribution to the work force. Some groups of people have a harder time dividing members of their society into age stages. The people of Clifden, a village in Ireland, and the !Kung of the Kalahari, are some examples. Residents of Clifden rarely recognize age stages, except when the member can no longer function physically. Anthropologists believe that the reason for this lack of age stratification is “a high level of unemployment and a high proportion of men who never marry.”

All cultures use age labels, such as “child” and “elder”. Societies rank the age of their members using a variety of systems. Many industrialized countries, such as the United States, use absolute age, the actual time from the individual’s birth. It is indeed paramount to American society, because without precise reckoning and proof of chronological age, an individual cannot vote, apply for a driver’s license, or get married. Relative dating, however, is more typical. Relative dating usually means that an individual’s age is based on the age of others. Person 1 is older than Person 2. Some cultures use age sets and grades to establish a member’s rank in society or age stage. Age sets are people associated with each other because they were born within a specific culturally determined period of time. An age grade is the position of seniority of the age set as a whole. Generations are particularly important for many groups of people because they are linked with kinship and marriage-ability.

Written by Rachel Frisk, 2000