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All the worlds a stage, -William Shakespeare, from As You Like It |
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In the above monologue, Shakespeare defines a way of breaking the process of aging into stages, or roles. Stages of ages differ from society to society. However, all societies mark birth, puberty, and death with some rite of passage, or ritual. Some societies have more intricate systems. People who live in Hong Kong, for instance, often associate a persons age stage based on marital status, parental status, the household composition and the persons contribution to the work force. Some groups of people have a harder time dividing members of their society into age stages. The people of Clifden, a village in Ireland, and the !Kung of the Kalahari, are some examples. Residents of Clifden rarely recognize age stages, except when the member can no longer function physically. Anthropologists believe that the reason for this lack of age stratification is a high level of unemployment and a high proportion of men who never marry.
All cultures use age labels, such as child and elder. Societies rank the age of their members using a variety of systems. Many industrialized countries, such as the United States, use absolute age, the actual time from the individuals birth. It is indeed paramount to American society, because without precise reckoning and proof of chronological age, an individual cannot vote, apply for a drivers license, or get married. Relative dating, however, is more typical. Relative dating usually means that an individuals age is based on the age of others. Person 1 is older than Person 2. Some cultures use age sets and grades to establish a members rank in society or age stage. Age sets are people associated with each other because they were born within a specific culturally determined period of time. An age grade is the position of seniority of the age set as a whole. Generations are particularly important for many groups of people because they are linked with kinship and marriage-ability.
Written by Rachel Frisk, 2000