| Anglo-Saxon England | Chapter VII | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | E-mail Author |
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APPENDIX 1
A COMPARISON OF THREE PRIMARY SOURCES FOR THE REIGN OF CNUT THE GREAT
| Date | Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | Florence of Worcester | William of Malmsbury |
| 1010 | East Anglians flee from battle with Danes Danes plunder in south Futility of English response |
Danes plunder Oxford Battle of Ringmere and plunder of East Anglia Danes enter Wessex and Wiltshire |
Note: Dates are generally not clear so events have been placed in the most likely year. |
| 1011 | English sue for peace Country over run Futility of English reaction Canterbury besieged, Ælfeah captive, Ælfeah later martyred |
English sue for peace Danes besieged and captured Canterbury. Population decimated, 804 killed Alphege captured and tortured |
|
| 1012 | 48000 lb tribute paid. Ælfeah martyred and buried at London 45 ships remain for pay |
48000 lb tribute paid. Alphege martyred and buried at London 45 ships remain to defend England |
|
| 1013 | Lyfing appointed Archbishop Svein at Gainsborough Northumbrians and Lindsey submit |
Living made Archbishop of Canterbury Svein in England Cnut in charge of ships Northumbria and Lindsey submit |
Living made Archbishop Turkill, chief cause of martydom settled in East Anglia 15 ships enter kings service Swegn came to England at urging of Turkill and to avenge his
sister, landed at Sandwich Northumbria submits followed by whole north |
| 1014 | Svein died Ælfwig became bishop of London Cnut elected king by fleet English witan choses Æthelred Danish kings outlawed Cnut gets supplies from Lindsey. Æthelred attacks and drives
him off Hostages mutilated 21000 lbs paid to army at Greenwich Sea flood caused great damage |
Svein died at Gainsborough, killed by St Edmund Cnut elected king by Danes English receive Æthelred by treaty Cnut gets supplies from Lindsey. Æthelred attacks and drives
him off Hostages mutilated Tribute paid to fleet Cnut returned to Denmark |
Swegn died, killed by St Edmund Cnut chosen king by Danes Angles chose return of Æthelred Æthelred surprised Cnut and drove him off Hostages mutilated Sea flood caused great damage |
| 1015 | Sigeferth and Morcar murdered by Eadric Streona Edmund married Sigeferth's widow against will of
Æthelred Cnut arrived at Sandwich and attacked west Force gathered by Eadric and Edmund but disbanded due to mutual
suspicions 40 ships from London join Cnut West Saxons submit to Cnut |
Sigeferth and Morcar murdered by Eadric Streona Edmund married Sigeferth's widow against will of
Æthelred Cnut arrived at Sandwich and attacked west Force gathered by Eadric and Edmund but disbanded due to mutual
suspicions 40 ships from London join Cnut West Saxons submit to Cnut Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester died, succeded by Elfwin |
Council at Oxford, king commanded Sigeferth and Morcar
put to death, killed by Eadric Edmund married Sigeferth's widow against wishes of
Æthelred Edmund born of unknown mother Cnut settled affairs in Denmark and came to Sandwich Edmund attempted to resist but thwarted by Eadric Eadric came to Cnut with 40 ships West Saxons submit to Cnut Æthelred stays in London while Cnut gains rest of country |
| 1016 | Cnut attacked Mercia English army gathered and disbanded (twice) Devastation of midlands by both armies Edmund returned to London Northumbria submits & Uhtred killed. Eric made Earl Cnut returned south Æthelred died in London London elects Edmund London besieged Battle at Pen fought Battle at Scearstan, deceit of Eadric 3rd army raised siege of London and defeated Danes at
Brentford Danes plunder Mercia 4th army defeats Danes in Kent Danes victorious at Assandun by retreat of Eadric Cnut and Edmund meet at Deerhurst Edmund got Wessex & Cnut Mercia Army wintered at London Edmund died at London and buried at Glastonbury Wulfgar, abbot of Abingdon died succeeded by Æthelsige |
Cnut attacked Mercia English army gathered and disbanded (twice) Devastation of midlands by both armies Edmund returned to London Northumbria submits & Uhtred killed. Eric made Earl Cnut returned south Æthelred died in London as predicted by Dunstan Cnut elected king at Southampton, London elects Edmund London besieged Danes defeated at Battle of Pen English defeated at Scearstan by deceit of Eadric 3rd army raised siege of London and defeated Danes at
Brentford Danes plunder Mercia 4th army defeats Danes at Otford English defeated at Assandun by retreat of Eadric Cnut and Edmund meet at Deerhurst Edmund got south & Cnut north Army wintered at London Edmund died at London and buried at Glastonbury Cnut made king based on agreement with Edmund Edwy banished Sons of Edmund exiled and eventually go to Hungary Leofsy, abbot of Thorney succeeded at Worcester |
Devastation of midlands by both armies Cnut learns Edmund at London Northumbria submits & Uhtred killed. Eric made Earl, later
banished for being too powerful Æthelred died in London London elects Edmund Wessex submits to Edmund Danes routed at Battle of Penn Drawn battle at Scearstan, deceit of Eadric Edmund raised siege of London and defeated Danes at Brentford English defeated at Assandun, Edmund fled to Gloucester Cnut and Emund meet and division of kingdom proposed Edmund got Wessex & Cnut Mercia Edmund died soon after and buried at Glastonbury, rumored killed
at instigation of Eadric Edwin driven from England, died on return, buried at Tavistock Edwins sons sent to Sweden to be killed, exiled in Hungary.
Youngest married Agatha, sister of queen Alfred and Edward exiled in Normandy. Richard did not aid nephews
to recover kingdom but married his sister Emma to Cnut Robert's plan to recover kingdom for nephews opposed by God (contrary winds) |
| 1017 | Cnut succeeded to kingdom and divided England into 4
parts Eadric ordered slain at London (very rightly) Norman, Æthelward and Brihtric slain Edwy outlawed and killed Edwy, prince of churls outlawed Cnut married Emma |
Cnut divided England into 4 parts Eadric ordered slain at London Norman, Æthelward and Brihtric slain, Leofric replaced
Norman Edwy outlawed and killed Edwy, prince of churls outlawed but reconciled Cnut married Emma Concord with people to disregard past animosities |
Cnut succeeded to kingdom & ruled 20 years.
Affable and firm king. Kingdom divided into 4 parts Eadric ordered strangled and body thrown into Thames - Just reward
for his perfidy Cnut married Emma. Probable reason for marriage: acceptance of
English and favor with Richard |
| 1018 | 72000 lb levied + 10500 from London 40 ships remained, rest returned to Denmark
English and Danes unanimous at Oxford to observe laws of Edgar Abbot Æthelsige of Abingdon died succeeded by Æthelwine |
72000 lb levied + 10500 from London 45 ships remained, rest returned to Denmark English and Danes agree at Oxford to observe laws of Edgar |
English given equal rights with Danes |
| 1019 | Cnut wintered in Denmark with 40 ships | Cnut wintered in Denmark Ælmar of Selsey died replaced by Ethelric |
Cnut repaired monasteries throughout England and built churches in the places he fought, particularly Assingdon |
| 1020 | Lyfing died Æthelnoth, dean hallowed bishop (of Canterbury) Cnut returned to England Council at Cirencester outlawed Æthelward and Eadwig, king
of churls Monastery at Assendun consecrated |
Living died, succeeded by Ethelnoth Cnut returned and held council at Cirencester Ethelward outlawed Church at Assendun consecrated Aldhun died and Lindisfarne vacant for 3 years. Edmund elected bishop approved by St Cuthbert |
Ethelnoth appointed archbishop after Living Ethelnoth acts as advisor to king encouraging good actions 7th Glastonbury monk to be archbishop Cnut built a princely church for St Edmund & appted abbot and
monks Cnut present at the consecration of Assingdon |
| 1021 | Thurkill outlawed Algar of Elmham died |
Thurkill banished Algar of Elmham died succeeded by Alwin |
Thurkill and Eric driven from kingdom, Thurkill because of accomplice to murder of St Elphege killed by Danes |
| 1022 | Cnut went with ships to Wight Ethelnoth went to Rome for pallium & was honored by
Bennedict Abbot Leofwine driven unjustly from Ely cleared by pope |
Ethelnoth went to Rome for pallium | Ethelnoth honored at Rome |
| 1023 | Cnut came again to England Reconciled with Thorkell who is made regent of Denmark Wulfstan died, succeeded by Ælfric blessed by
Æthelnoth St Ælfheah translated to Canterbury. Emma & Harthacnut present at translation |
Wulfstan died, succeeded by Ælfric Puttuc of
Winchester St Alphege translated to Canterbury |
Body of St Elphege brought to Canterbury |
| 1024 | Richard succeeded by Robert in Normandy | ||
| 1025 | Cnut went to Denmark. Battle at Holy River, many men died, Swedes have possession of place of carnage |
Edmund, a monk, made bishop of Lindisfarne | |
| 1026 | Ælfric went to Rome for pallium | Ælfric went to Rome for pallium Richard II died, eventually succeeded by Robert |
Cnut at Glastonbury, presented tomb of Edmund with rich pall |
| 1027 | Cnut bribed Norwegians to depose Olaf which was accepted | ||
| 1028 | Cnut went with 50 ships to Norway and drove out Olaf | Cnut subjected Norway, expelling Olaf | |
| 1029 | Cnut returned to England Christchurch given haven at Sandwich |
Cnut returned to England Hacon banished |
|
| 1030 | Hacon died at sea Olaf killed by Norwegians and afterwards sainted |
Hacon died at sea, some say slain at Orkney Olaf, king and martyr wickedly slain by Norwegians |
|
| 1031 | Cnut went to Rome After return went to Scotland where Malcolm submitted Robert of Normandy died in Jerusalem. William, later king of England succeeded |
Cnut went from Denmark to Rome and returned to
Denmark Letter delivered by Living, abbot of Tavistock and bishop of
Crediton Text of letter included: |
In 15th yr of reign, Cnut went to Rome to atone for
his crimes & then returned to England Letter included sent by hands of Living, abbot of Tavistock Soon after return Scotland subdued |
| 1032 | Wildfire did harm in many places Ælfsige of Winchester died, succeeded by Ælfwine, kings priest |
Church of St Edmund dedicated | Glastonbury given land grant by Cnut Cnut sent gifts to foreign churches on advice of Ethelnoth |
| 1033 | Leofsige died, succeeded by Brihteh Merehwit, bishop of Sommerset died, buried at Glastonbury |
Leofsy of Hwiccas died, Brihteag, abbot of Pershore (nephew of Wulfstan) succeeded | |
| 1034 | Eatheric died, buried at Ramsey Malcolm of Scots died |
Eatheric of Dorchester died, buried at Ramsey, Eadnoth
succeeded Malcolm of Scots died |
|
| 1035 | Cnut died at Shaftsbury, buried at Winchester Harold succeeds - not Cnuts son? Harold seized wealth from Emma |
Cnut gave Norway to Sweyn Rumors of Elfgiva's deceit regarding sons Cnut died at Shaftsbury Harold made regent Harold siezed wealth from Emma Kingdom divided with Harold getting north and Hardicanute the
south Robert died succeeded by William the Bastard |
Cnute died at Shaftsbury and was buried at
Winchester Harold succeeded and reigned 4 years [1036] |
| Copyright 1998 | William Bakken | Last Update: Dec 29, 1998 |
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| Anglo-Saxon England | Chapter VII | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | E-mail Author |
|---|