APPENDIX 3

ENGLISH CHURCH HEIRARCHY: CHARTER SIGNATURES FROM 1005 TO 1033

The use of charter evidence must be tempered by the concern that some of those in existence were forgeries produced at a later time to substantiate claims to particular properties. Lawson also noted the symmetry of the witness lists, but that could just reflect attempts to limit the number of witnesses on any given charter and still be an indication of the most important people present.¹ The following tables identify the churchmen that witnessed charters from the last years of Æthelred and the first years of Cnut's reign. The asterisk after the document numbers 715, 718 and 723 indicate charters whose authenticity Kemble found reason to question. In some cases, the deviations which could have caused that doubt are indicated in signature list by bold type. Questionable spellings, or signatures of people that are perhaps a year off and are, thus, questionable are indicated by italic type.

The archbishops and bishops dates and sees for tables 2 through 7 were taken from Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles, unless otherwise noted.² The dates and monastery identification of the abbots in tables 8 through 10 were taken from , The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales.³

^a Queen Emma is usually called Ælfgifu or some other form of that name in English documents. Both names were used to identify her when she first appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, s.a. 1002. RETURN

^bDunstan died in 988 and Lyfing was Archbishop in 1016, the date of this document. RETURN

^a Lyfing was bishop of Wells until 1013 when he was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. Lyfing of Crediton was not consecrated bishop until 1027, thus in 1016 there was no bishop named Lyfing. RETURN

^b Wulfstan was bishop of London from 996 until 1002 when he was made Archbishop of York. Ælfhun was bishop of London when this charter was signed. RETURN

^a. Æthelric and Eadric are probably alternate spellings of Ætheric who was bishop of Leicester from 1016 to 1034. RETURN

^b. William of Malmesbury stated that Eadnoth of Crediton was also known as Wine.⁴ RETURN

^c. Ælfsige is most likely an alternate spelling of Ælfwig who was bishop of London in 1019. RETURN

^d. Brihtwine was most likely bishop of Sherborne in the period from 1014 to 1045, however the dates of Bishop Ælmar who served between Brihtwine's expulsion and restoration are not clear.⁵ RETURN

^e. There may also have been a Brihtwine, Bishop of Wells at this time. RETURN

^a Æthelric is probably and alternate spelling of Ætheric. RETURN

^b Lyfing was not consecrated bishop of Crediton until 1027.⁶ RETURN

^c Byrtwi is lilely an alternate spelling of Brihtwine and could be either bishop of Sherborne, or Wells. Wells was questionable at this time. RETURN

^a Æthelweard is probably an alternate spelling for Ælfweard of Evesham. RETURN

^b Brihtrig is probably a misspelling of Brihtwig.⁷ RETURN

^c Ælfnoth may not have become abbot of Hyde (New Minster at Winchester) until 1020. RETURN

^d Ætheric may be an alternate spelling for Eadric of Malmesbury. RETURN

^e Ælfstan could be an alternate spelling for Æthelstan of Ramsey, but Knowles has him in the unidentified list.⁸ Abbot Ælfstan did not become the leader of St Augustine in Canterbury until at least 1023 so these charters are too early to have been signed by him. RETURN

^a Aethelwerd could be an alternate spelling for Ælfweard of Evesham. Æthelward of Glastonbury did not become abbot until 1027, so this charter is too early to have been him. RETURN

^b Athelwold may be Æthelwold of Exeter, or could be an alternate spelling for Æthelweard of Glastonbury. RETURN

^c Both Alfwi and Æthelsige are probably alternate spellings for Ælfsige of Peterborough. However, in this period, he can not be distinguished from Ælfsige of St Bennet at Hulme.⁹ RETURN

^a. All of the above are on the unidentified abbots list The Heads of Religious Houses.¹⁰ RETURN

NOTES

1. Lawson, Cnut, pp. 66-7. RETURN

2. Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, passim. RETURN

3. Knowles, Heads of Religious Houses, passim. RETURN

4. Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, p. 98. RETURN

5. Lawson, Cnut, p. 150. RETURN

6. Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, p. 98. RETURN

7. Knowles, The Heads of Religious Houses, p. 225. RETURN

8. Ibid. RETURN

9. Ibid., p. 60. RETURN

10. Ibid., pp. 225-6. RETURN