Pharaoh Amenhotep III founded the royal city and palace
complex at Malqata
on the western shore of Thebes. The Theban necropolis is on the West Bank of
the Nile in the Luxor area. Malqata includes many kinds of structures in the
desert such as various residential palaces, a temple of Amen, a festival hall,
elite villas used for the relatives of the King, apartments for attendants, and
a desert altar called Kom al-Samak and at least four other palaces.
In addition, the track of a huge artificial canal and a harbor named Birket Habu is observable from continuous piles of sandy soil on the southeastern side of the Palace City. The soil removed from that harbor by the excavation was used to make a series of artificial hills along the southwestern shore. Malqata Palace is located at the south of the mortuary temple built by Ramesses III. Malqata Palace was not like smaller ceremonial palaces connected to the funerary temples of New Kingdom Kings, rather it was a residential place or actual living place even though it might not had been a yearlong residence.
Like Elizabethan rulers, Amenhotep made royal palaces spread throughout the
legeance. The large palace of Malqata consists of small chapels, large audience
halls, parade grounds, villas for public officials, kitchens, offic
es workshop and
quarters for servants. The area of the Malqata palace is about 50 by 125 meters
wide. Having a long and narrow hall extended along the central axis, the
structure of the palace was planned roughly symmetrical. The throne room was
situated at the south edge of the hall, and Pharaohs private apartments in
behind.
The Pharaohs apartment consisted of a number of continuous courts, mostly with raised throne divas at the other side of the entrance. The palace was located at the southwestern corner of a huge enclosure wall, at least 100 by 200 meters. The enclosure also included storage rooms, courts, kitchens, and smaller buildings. To enter the palace, Pharaoh passed through a rampway cutting the western face of the enclosure wall via a number of off-axis hallways and large courts. From these, one could go through an antechamber that led into the long central hall.
Much of the upper part of the palace was ruined. However, a considerable amount of the original decorated elements were still preserved. A large number of fragments of the paintings on the walls and ceilings were found from each room of the Malqata palace. Among those prominent motifs painted on the fragments were spiral patterns and rosettes, even though other motifs have been rarely found. Detailed analyses of the fragments led to the identification of several other ornamental patterns. One of the most incredible motifs was a series of vultures representing the Goddess Nekbet with wings spread out, and the names and titles of Amenhotep III are depicted under the motifs. The series of vultures is surrounded by geometrical patterns on each side. The motif has been found in several rooms (Room B, G, and H), and at the Pharaohs bedchamber of the Main palace.
The
ceiling painting of each room has been restored and color drawings have been
made using the actual painted fragments found from the rooms as a reference.
The wall paintings at Malqata are the most complete of the other remaining
palaces. They are significant in determining the spatial alignment of the
palace activities. The palace had been adorned with a deliberate series of wall
murals, painted pavements, ceilings and inlays. The pavements included symbols
of pools with swimming ducks and fish surrounded by a border of papyrus with
flying birds. The throne bases had steps adorned with bound prisoners and
symbols of the nine bows, the traditional enemies of Egypt, who would be under
foot whenever the King ascended or descended from the throne.
The columns of the Palace were made of wood with representations of lotuses carved and painted. Also, there were flying birds painted on the ceilings. The antechamber and Pharaohs bed chamber were the rooms that had most of the ornamentations. For example, the ceiling of the antechamber was adorned with a deliberate panel of spreading spirals, buchrania and rosette. The Pharaohs bedchamber had a ceiling adorned with flying vultures and amulet signs like the antechamber. Pharaohs room was surrounded by figures of the goddess Bes.
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| Image of Queen Tiye: from Megaera Lorenz at http://www.heptune.com/Tiye.jpg
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Amenhotep III built this fabulous palace at Malqata in western Thebes for his Queen Tiye and for other members of the royal family. He retired to this palace with his wife where she supervised the affairs of state with the help of counselors and officials. Amenhotep died when she was forty-eight. Depictions of Tiy illustrate a powerful woman who had a sharp chin, deep-set eyes and a firm mouth. Tutankhamon, Pharaoh of Dynasty XVIII who was believed to be the grandson of King Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye, was born in Malqata.
There was a temple dedicated to the goddess Isis constructed during the Roman Period at the South of Malqata. Local people named the temple and its precinct Deir al-Shalwit . The excavations of Malqata-south were done from December 1971 to January 1979, and laboratory research continued three more seasons at al-Qurna village.
After nine years of excavation, portions of the site were excavated intensively in addition to the test excavations at the grid corners. Remains found by the excavations were categorized into four groups depending on their time periods: Paleolithic, Predynastic, the 18th Dynasty and the Roman-Byzantine period. Paleolithic sites are situated on the desert edge beside the Roman settlement and further into the desert. Some of the Predynastic period remains were discovered under strata in the Roman settlement area. However, there have been no remains of any structures identified up until now. Magnificent relics of the 18th Dynasty were found at a small mound called the "Kom al-Samak". Artifacts from the Roman-Byzantine period were uncovered from all over the area, which should be investigated as an assemblage consisted of a temple, a settlement and related mass graves.
J. Daressy started the partial excavation of
this huge site (originally three square kilometers if Kom al-Samak is included)
in 1888. After this excavation, R. de Tytus, published a personal preparatory
report. Afterward, much of this site was removed between 1910 and 1920 by the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The University of Pennsylvania started
re-excavation in 1970s. Elizabeth K. Ralph, who did magnetic survey at Malqata
in 1973, revealed the usefulness of magnetometry in Egypt in her publication
from University of Pennsylvania Museum. David O'Connor, Egyptian Section
Curator, and Cambridge University Egyptologist Barry Kamp also did excavations
at Malqata from 1971 to 1977. Since 1985, most of the rooms of the Malqata
palace have been re-excavated including Pharaohs bedchamber under the direction
of Dr. Yasutada Watanabe, Professor of the Department of Architecture at Waseda
University (Japan) .
Bibliography
RA New Look at Ancient Egypt @UPMAA. University of Pennsylvania. (1997-2000).
http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Exhibits/malkata.html November 1, 2000. Applications of Modern Sensing Techniques to Egyptology. Lambert Dolphin's Resource File. (October 9, 2000).
http://ldolphin.org/egypt/egypt2/ November 1, 2000. Excavation of the Architecture Kom al-Samak and Other investigations at Malkata-south. Waseda University. (1995-1999).
http://www.waseda.ac.jp/projects/egypt/sites/Msouth-E.html November 1, 2000.http://guardians.net/egypt/amenhtp3.htm November 1, 2000. Egypt. (1995 -1999).
http://www.waseda.ac.jp/projects/egypt/sites/MP-E.html.Interim Report on the Malqata Palace Project - E. Waseda University. (January 25, 2000) November 1, 2000.
http://www.demon.co.uk/keganpaul/features/pharaohs palace.html Kegan Paul International:Pharaoh's Palace. Kegan Paul International Features. November 1, 2000.
Tiy. Tour Egypt. (1996)Tutankhamon. Egypt During the Reign of Akhenaton. (December 6, 1999).
http://www.lind.org.zw/egyptiansite/tutankhamon.htm November 1, 2000.Pictures of incredible numbers of artifacts found and reconstructed items
http://www.waseda.ac.jp/projects/egypt/images/MPKBR1L.JPGhttp://www.waseda.ac.jp/projects/egypt/images/MPplanL.JPG
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~aera/Giza Pages/Aeragram Pages/Milennium.html
http://www.greatdreams.com/thebes/ramiii.htm
http://www.angelfire.com/wy/theroyalflush/amenhotepIII.html
http://www.iain.hawkins.btinternet.co.uk/amen3.htmPicture of the bedroom of young Pharaoh Tutankhamun at Malqata
http://www.xsite.com/~videoc/Min/Rooms2.html (Miniature Room created by C. David Claudon) http://www.gs-net.ne.jp/~egypt5/marukata1/marukata1.html
http://www.waseda.ac.jp/projects/egypt/sites/Msouth-E.html
Written by Kozue Takahash