More Cultures
JapaneseThe Southern Plains Woodland sites are difficult yo determine due to very little C14 dates. Even if a site has artifacts that have C14 dates, it is very hard to classify it as Late Archaic or Woodland. Their is very little distinction between the subsistence patterns,the corner notch points, grinding stone frequencies, or horicultural tools. The Southern Plains Woodland region is typified by the Llano Estacado area which extends from El Paso, Texas into SE New Mexico and lasted from AD 1 to AD 1300. The Jorando Brownware is found throughout much of the area. This pottery originated from the Jorando Mogollon which was a Southwest culture. The sites indicate a high mobile society due to the sherd scatters, occasional bison remains, some agriculture, and seasonal pithouses. There are about twelve sub areas at varying time periods that occur within the Llano Estacado area.
Delaware and Copper Foci-which covers the Eastern Oklahoma area.
Delaware A Focus(ca. AD 1 to ca. AD 900)- This region covers the Eastern Oklahoma area. This area has a distinction from the local Late Archaic by possessing a bevy of stemmed points with the newer types being corner-notched points. There is evidence of mussels as being the main food source but the sibsistence patterns are not well known for both Delaware A and B.
Palo Duro Complex(AD 100 - AD 800)- Located from the type site, Deadman's Shelter at the Palo Duro Reservoir in Swisher County, Texas. This site is along the eastern side of the Llano Estacado area and extends onto the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles. This region is defined by both rock-lined and unlined hearths, Deadman's arrow points, Jorando Brownware, grinding stones, bone tools, and decorated bone/shell artifacts.
Kaw Reservoir/Cross Timbers Area(Ad 100-AD 1200)- this region originates near Ponca City, which is on the Arkansaa River and covers north-central Oklahoma. This region is dominated by oak and blackjack trees. The site in this region can be grouped chronologically. The three different time periods have the following characteristics in common: frequent manos and metates, nutting stones, abrades,hide-working tools,ceramics, and corner-notched dart and arrowpoints. The earliest sites (AD100-AD300) are characterized by local ceramics, occasional obsidian, insubstantial semi-permanent housing, and bone agricultural tools. Some of the ceramics found at hese early sites suggest contact with the Kansas City Hopewell groups. The intermediate sites (AD300-AD600) are typified by rockshelters and/or open sites, cord-marked pottery, decorative beads, starage pits,and grinding stones. All of these artifacts suggest a semi-sedentary life-style. The late sites (AD 850-AD1200) have shell and bone tempered pottery with sand, shell, and clay also being used. This type of pottery suggests a relationship to the early Kansa Plains Villages. There are also several mounds, two of which are burial and one that is a shallow pit covered by slabs of rock and metates. These late sites are seen as a transition time to Post-Woodland.
Vermejo Phase(AD400-AD700)- this region is located along the very western edge of the Southern High Plains covering the NE of New Mexico by the Rio Grande, Pecos, and Canadian headwaters. Most of the sites in this area lacked pottery but when found they were Southwest types. The pithouses were circular (3-6m in diameter) and had dry stone foundations. Grinding stones are a common artifact found in this region along with charred maize cobs. The vermejo Phase could also be called Basketmaker III due to the Southwest intrusion. The basketmaker cultures are the beginnings of the Pueblo cultures. These Pueblo cultures began in the small, open villages and evolved into the large room-block villages located in open areas and in cliff overhangs.
Graneros Focus(AD450-AD700)- This region is located in the SE corner of Colorado and extending onto the Oklahoma panhandle and into NE New Mexico. These villages are akin to Vermejo and it is thought that the Antelope Creek and Apishpa Phases(AD1000-AD1400) originated from this region.
Pruitt Complex(AD500-AD900)- covers central to south-central Oklahoma. The main type site for this region is the Pruitt site located on the Washita River. The artifacts found at this site are: thick conodial and round-base jars,extensive variety of bone and shell artifacts, several grinding stone types, occasional obsidian, the corner-notched arrowpoint and stemed dart points. This region is believed to have evolved into a central Oklahoma Plains Village Tradition that is known as the Paoli Phase (AD900-AD1600)
Lake Creek Focus(AD500-AD1000)-Located from the type site Lake Creek in NW Texas to most of the northern Texas Panhandle. The artifacts in this region have corner-notched arrowpoints and stemmed dart points along with some Jornado Brownware and grinding stones. The main pottery for this region is cordmarked. It is believed that hte Lake Creek Phase, which is part of the a local Plains Village(AD1200-Ad1500). The Antelope Creek sites may have borrowesw from the Puebloan groups due to their Southwest pottery and building style (pithousees containing stone-slab wall foundations).
Copper Phase(AD500-AD1000)- This region covers the Eastern Oklahoma area and overlaps with the Delaware A and B. There was a possible hopewellian intrusiononto the plains because of some human effigy figurines. Some of the pottery closely resembles the Illinois and Kansas City Hopewell pottery along with corner-notched arrowpoints.
Delaware B focus(AD900-AD1300)- this region covers Eastern Oklahoma area and developed out of the Delawarw A. It is set apart from it's origin by wide variety in the ground stone, bone, and shell arytifacts along with the emergence of small arrowpoints. This may be due to Caddoan 9Spiro Mississippian) influence.
18 Mile Phase-extends from the middle of Pecos valley to eastern New Mexico and is divided into the Early Phase (AD900) and the Late Phase (AD1000). The Early Phase contained no structures and only one type of pottery, the Jorando Plain Brownware. The late Phase contains small sedentary hamlets with pithouse structures and two types of pottery, the Jorando Brownware and the Middle Micaceous Brown.
Paoli Phase(AD900-AD1600)-maize appears in quantity at AD,1050 along with agricultural tools (digging sticks, hoes, squash knives), daub fragments, postmolds, storage pits. These all suggest seaaonal structure and three of the sites in this region have rectangular houses.
http://twist.lib.uiowa.edu/plains/pwoodland.html